Good to Know: Basic Grammar Terms *** مصطلحات القواعد

Grammar القَواعِد

Fun, fun, fun! As you can see, I'm avoiding the real work (case marking, the imperative, the dual, hollow verbs---ick) by reviewing the very basics. Just one of my many tried and true procrastination methods. But it's good to start at the beginning, right? This is where you nod, sympathetically.

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Note:
The word for "the plural" is الجُمْع, so "plural" is abbreviated here by .ج
The word for "the singular" is المُفْرَد , but singular nouns won't be marked here. Since Arabic is written from right to left, you'll see the singular on the right and the plural on the left.


Word كَلِمة ج. كَلِمات

Sentence جُملة ج. جُمَل

Noun إِسْم ج. أَسْماء

Adjective صِفة ج. صِفات

Verb فِعْل ج. أَفْعال

Infinitive/Verbal Noun مَصْدَر ج. مَصادِر (~gerund)

Pronoun ضَمير ج. ضَمائِر

Plural الجُمْع

Singular المُفْرَد

Feminine (gender) مُؤَنَّث

Masculine (gender) مُذَكَّر

Definite مُعَرَّف

Indefinite غَيِّر مُعَرَّف ("not definite")

Preposition حَرْف جَرّ ج. حُروف جَرّ

ُRoot الجَذْر ج. الجَذور

Pattern الوَزْن ج. الأَوْزان (example letters = ف ع ل )

Subject المُبْتَدَأ (nominal sentence)

Predicate الخَبَر ("news")

Subject الفاعِل (verbal sentence)

Object المَفْعول بِهِ (verbal sentence)

Nominal/ Noun Sentence جُمْلة إِسْمية

Verbal Sentence جُمْلة فَعْلية

Case Marking الإِعْراب

State or condition الحال (~Adverb)

Specification التَّمْييز

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ُTo be continued...

Moods of the Present Tense

Honestly speaking, I don't fully understand the nature of "moods," but I do know that the Arabic present tense has three of them.

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المُضارِع المَرفوع The Standard Present Tense / Al-MuDaariع Al-Marfuuع

This is the "general use" mood, and it's also used for the future tense (with a prefix or preceding word). It's marked by a ُُ ضَمّة Damma (short vowel "u") on the final consonant of the verb:

يَفْعَلُ

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المُضارِع المَنْصوب The Subjunctive / Al-MuDaariع Al-ManSuub

The subjunctive is marked by a َ فَتْحة fatHa (short vowel "a") on the final consonant:

يَفْعَلَ

It's used following several particles. The three most common of these are:

أَنْ "To"

As in: "I want to," "I need to," "I like to," etc.

أُريدُ أَنْ أَجْلِسَ I want to sit (Ureedu an ajlisa)

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المُضارِع المَجْزوم The Jussive / Al-MuDaariع Al-Majzuum




Work in progress : )

Verbs, Verbs, Verbs الأَفعال

Arabic has three basic "tenses"---actually, I think it's more complicated than that, but we'll call them tenses here.

الماضي The Past (Perfect) / Al-MaaDee

المُضارِع The Present (Imperfect) / Al-MuDaariْع

المُسْتَقْبَل The Future / Al-Mustaqbal
----------Formed by adding the prefix سَ (sa) or the word سَوْفَ (sowfa) to the standard present tense